- Benedicts: Test for simple sugars (monosaccharides + disaccharides), e.g., glucose, sucrose, maltose.
- Not sucrose → Add hot (boiling) water for the test.
- Negative result: stays blue
- Positive result: brick-red precipitate
- Iodine: Test for starch
- Negative result: stays orange
- Positive result: turns blue/black
- Biuret: Test for proteins
- Negative result: stays blue
- Positive result: turns lilac
- Emulsion: Test for lipids
- Add equal amounts of ethanol and distilled water.
- Positive result: a milky-white emulsion forms.
- Sudan III: Test for lipids
- Positive result: red-stained ring formed on surface of solution.